Tag: API 661
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Data centers: Innovations to handle increasing heat loads with limited cooling resources
June 08, 2026
Brandon White, Engineer, Experimental Research Electricity demand from data centers in the U.S. could double or even triple by 2028, potentially accounting for roughly 12% of total national electricity consumption. The surge is driven by GPU‑accelerated AI workloads, which generate considerably higher heat fluxes than traditional servers. To keep pace with the...
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Visualizing the impact of wind on air-cooled heat exchanger performance
October 13, 2025
Salem Bouhairie, Group Lead Research The performance of air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHE) is prone to the effects of wind. Wind has a greater effect on ACHEs operating in natural draft (buoyancy-driven air flow) than ACHEs operating in forced draft (fan-driven air flow). Subsequently, engineers follow API 661 guidelines that recognize the...
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Is My Design OK? Applying API 661 Annex C to Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Designs with Viscous and High Pour Point Fluids
January 16, 2017
Winterization in accordance with API 661 Annex C may need to be considered by designers when air-cooled heat exchangers are operating in climatic extremes. In order to prevent operating problems in-situ, a temperature safety margin should be added to the critical process temperature to determine the specified minimum tubewall temperature. For...
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